I call it "quick" because someone will already have worked this out :) Otherwise it will not be quick, methinks.
Tax year = 2016-17 or later
In an Excel sheet I have the following items (I *think* that it is all that is required, at least for 99% of cases)
Cell A1 = Basic rate band, adjusted for pension contributions, gift aid payments etc
Cell A2 = Personal allowance (abated as necessary for income over £100K)
Cell A3 = total "general" income net of deductions (ie trade, employment, property, less losses, RAP etc)
Cell A4 = total savings income
Cell A5 = limit on savings income chargeable at 0% (ie ether 0, 500 or 1000)
Cell A6 = total dividend income
Your mission, Jim, should you choose to accept it, is to give a formula that shows how much of the personal allowance should be allocated to dividend income. If you wish to express it as the ADDITIONAL personal allowance above that which would be allocated under a simple "stacking" algorithm (general income then savings then dividend) then that would be OK.
With kind regards
Clint Westwood
PS I am not being lazy - have spent the best part of a day trying to do it for myself but keep running into errors. If I get to an answer before all y'all respond and which I think is reliable I shall upload
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Not fully tested (or barely even slightly), but:
=IF(A3+A4>A1,IF(A3+A4-A1<5000,A3-A4-A1,5000),0)
EDIT: Assumes that you know there will be HR liability.